Buddham

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  This is a set of 30 words that often appear in GRE Test: Altruist : devoted to the welfare of others Badinage : friendly joking, banter, jest, raillery Camouflage :  to blend with the surroundings  to dodge an enemy,  to conceal or to disguise Cynosure : a centre of attraction Didactic : designed to teach, pedagogic, educational Disparate : varying, diverse, heterogeneous Egalitarian : thinking that all people are equal, equitable, classless Frivolous : not serious, silly, flippant, facetious, inane Gregarious : living in the group, sociable, convivial, affable Hyperbole : extreme and unbelievable statement, overstatement Innocuous : causing no harm, innocent, harmless, inoffensive Jettison : to throw, to discard Kleptomaniac : one who has a strong desire to steal, pilferer Lachrymose : tearful, crying, teary, melancholic, poignant Moribund : dying, fading, waning, atrophying Nihilist : one who rejects all moral and religious beliefs, agnostic, anarchist Obsequious...

Gerund is a verbal noun. When the verb form 'ING' functions as a naming part, it is gerund.  In simple language, a gerund looks like a verb, but it is actually a noun.  A gerund is the name of a habit.  Examples : Acting, Painting, Dancing, Travelling etc. Let us distinguish a gerund from a verb. He is travelling. (here, 'travelling' is a verb, as it shows action. He likes travelling. (here, 'travelling' is a gerund, as it shows the name of a habit). Functions of a gerund: A gerund can act as: a subject - Smoking is injurious to health. an object - He hates smoking. a complement to a verb- His hobby is gardening. after a preposition- I believe in helping others. There are some verbs which take a gerund. Some of them are:  avoid, dislike, detest, enjoy, finish, imagine, keep, like, look forward to, mind, miss, prevent, resist, risk. etc. Sentences: I avoid blaming others. He keeps smiling. I look forward to hearing from you.

This is a set of 30 words that often appear in GRE Test: Adulation : appreciation, eulogy Ameliorate : to improve the condition Banal : uninspiring, unoriginal, trite Copious : plenty, abundant Corroborate : to validate, to give evidence Debunk : to expose, to show that somebody or something is false Exacerbate : to worsen, to aggravate Exonerate : to declare guiltless, to absolve Flak : criticism Goad : to irritate or to provoke to stimulate some reaction Hypochondriac : excessively worried about one's health, illness anxiety Internecine : mutually harmful Juxtapose : to put together to show contrast, to place against something Knell : death bell Lackadaisical : dull, unenthusiastic Mollycoddle : to pamper, to pander Nefarious : immoral, criminal Obviate : to remove a problem or difficulty, preclude Pulchritudinous : beautiful Quotidian : ordinary Repudiate : to refuse to accept Salubrious : healthful, good for health Succinct : brief, concise Tenacity : determination, resilience ...

Metaphor and Simile are figures of speech.  Metaphor is an implied comparison. In  a metaphor, there is no use of 'as' or 'like'. Examples:  Beware of him, he is a fox. ( It does not really mean that he is a fox. The sentence implies that he is a cunning person.) She is a blooming rose. (This means that she is young and beautiful.) A camel is the ship of the desert. (The sense is that as a ship carries people and goods at sea, a camel carries them in a desert.) Simile is a stated comparison. In  a simile, 'as' or 'like' is used. Examples:  He is as good as gold. (His goodness is compared with the goodness of gold). The matter is as clear as crystal. (The clarity of the matter is compared with the clarity of crystal). The hoary head of his grandpa looks like a snow-capped peak of a mountain. (The appearance of his grandpa's head is being compared with the appearance of a snow- covered mountain peak.)

The pronunciation of 'CH' often confuses readers, as it can be pronounced as च /tʃ/, क /k/ and श /ʃ/. Let us learn the pronunciation of some of the confusing words: Char: /tʃɑː(r)/ (चार) Chore: /tʃɔː(r)/ (चोर) Chisel: /ˈtʃɪzl/ (चीज़ल) Chastity: /ˈtʃæstəti/ (चैस्टिटी) Chaos: /ˈkeɪɒs/ (केइओस) Chameleon: /kəˈmiːlɪən/ (कमीलीअन) Chimera: /kaɪˈmɪərə/ (काइमीरा) Charisma: /kəˈrɪzmə/ (करिज़्मा) Moustache: /məˈstɑːʃ/(मस्टाश),  /məˈstæʃ/ (मस्टैश) Brochure: /ˈbrəʊʃə(r)/ (ब्रउश) Cache: /kæʃ/ (कैश) Chagrin: /ˈʃæɡrɪn/ (शैगरीन) Do write to Buddham, if you have any queries.

' Lest ' is a conjunction of purpose. The meaning of ' lest ' is 'so that.. not'/ 'in order to avoid') (ताकि नहीं/ कहीं ऐसा न हो कि).  After cautioning someone or after giving advice or warning to someone, we use the word ' lest ' to show the purpose of the given caution, advice or warning. With ' lest ', the modal verb 'should' is used. The sentence is correct even without 'should'. Examples :  Go slow lest you should fall down./ Go slow lest you fall down. Hurry up lest we should miss the train./ Hurry up lest we miss the train. Write it down lest you should forget./ Write it down lest you forget. Drive carefully lest you should meet with an accident./ Drive carefully lest you meet with an accident. [Note: Do not use 'Not' with 'Lest', as 'Lest' is already a negative word. Incorrect use : Go slow lest you should not fall down. Correct use : Go slow lest you should fall down.]

 Idiom is an expression with an abstruse (गूढ़ : hidden) meaning. The meaning of an idiom is somewhat different from its component words. Dark Horse : ( छुपा रुस्तम) A person whose quality is not yet recognised A snake in the grass: ( आस्तीन का सांप) A hidden enemy Apple of someone's eye : ( आँखों का तारा) A very lovable person. Hang in the balance : ( अधर में लटकना) to be left undecided Between the devil and the deep blue sea : (आगे कुआँ पीछे खाई) to be in a dilemma, to fall between two big problems [Note: There is one more idiom for this: Between Scylla and Charybdis means 'to fall between two equally dangerous situations'.] See some interesting sentences with the above idioms: Raaji is a dark horse for this championship. Beware of him, he is a snake in the grass. Every son is an apple of his mother's eye. Many schemes of government hung in the balance. When his mother and his wife start quarrelling, he is between t he devil and the deep blue sea. Write to Buddham, if ...

  Which is the correct form: Its or It's? Both  Its  and  It's are correct expressions , but they have different meanings .  These two expressions are often wrongly used. Let us understand the difference. Its : shows 'ownership' or 'possession'. It's :   shows 'contraction'. It's  is the short form of the expression "it is" . Examples:  What is its/  it's  use? - (shows 'ownership') Jasmine is a beautiful flower.  Its/  it's  colour is white. - (shows 'ownership') Its / It's  okay. - (contracted form of It is ) Its / It's  important for me to finish this work on time. - (contracted form of It is )

 Let us understand the difference between the verbs 'Lie' and 'Lay'. These two verbs and their forms are very tricky. And many students get confused about these forms. The verb ' Lie ' has mainly two meanings: (1) to give a false statement, & (2)  to be, or to remain in a particular position. The verb ' Lay ' has mainly two meanings: (1)  to put or to place,  & (2)  to give eggs. Let us see their verb forms and examples. Lie :     1)  to give a false statement .  'Lie' is an intransitive verb. So, it comes without an object. [verb forms:  Lied  (past),  Lied  (past participle)] He always lies. She has lied to him.       2)  to be, or to remain in a particular position.    [verb forms:  Lay  (past),  Lain  (past participle)] As you make your bed, you must lie in it. He lay down on the sofa. He has lain down on the sofa. Lay :      (1) to put, or t...

Let us understand how the verbs 'Rise', 'Raise', 'Arise' and 'Arouse' are different from one another. Rise : to get up, or to move to upper level. 'Rise' is an intransitive verb. So, it comes without an object. [verb forms:  Rose (past), Risen (past participle)] The sun rises in the east.  The teacher rose from his chair. Raise : to lift, or to cause to move. 'Raise' is a transitive verb. So, it takes an object. [verb forms:  Raised  (past),  Raised  (past participle)] He raised his voice against injustice.  Do not raise your finger at anyone. Arise : to appear, or to come into existence. 'Arise' is an intransitive verb. So, it comes without an object. [verb forms:  Arose  (past),  Arisen  (past participle)] The question arises.  The dispute arose between two parties. Arouse : to evoke, or to awaken. 'Arouse' is a transitive verb. So, it takes an object. [verb forms:  Aroused  (past),  Aroused  (past partici...

  Puzzle: Question : Pointing to a male, a woman says that his maternal uncle addresses my maternal uncle as 'maternal uncle'. How is the man related to the woman? Answer: The man is her son. [ Explanation : The man's maternal uncle is the woman's brother. So, both the woman and her brother have the same maternal uncle.]

 Puzzle: Question : In a pond, there is a flower which doubles its size every day. This flower filled the entire pond on the twentieth day. So on which day did it fill half the pond? Answer: on the 19th Day [ Explanation:  On nineteenth day, the flower filled half the pond, then only it filled the entire pond on the twentieth day, as it doubles its size every day.]

 Syllogism Question: Question: How many conclusions can be drawn from the given statements? Statement 1:  Some Pens are Pencils. Statement 2:  All Pencils are Erasers. Ans:  5 [ Explanation : From Statement 1, one conclusion can be drawn:  Some  Pencils are Pens. From Statement 2, two conclusions can be drawn:  Some Pencils are Erasers.   &   Some  Erasers  are Pencils . Combining both the statements 1 & 2, one conclusion can be drawn:  Some Pens   are Erasers. From the statement  ' Some Pens   are Erasers. ',  one more conclusion can be drawn:  Some Erasers   are Pens. ]

  The root word ' phil ' means love. Here is the list of some of the words with this root word: Bibliophile : a person who loves or collects books Melophile : a lover of music Anthophile : a lover of flowers Philotheist : one who loves God Philozoic : one who is kind to animals Dendrophile : a lover of trees. Nemophile : a lover of forests, woods, woodland scenery Philologist : a lover of words Technophile : one who loves new technology Philanthrope : one who loves mankind Philogynist : one who likes or admires womankind Philophile : one who loves loving, or one who loves the concept of love, affection and kindness Philanderer : a man who has sexual relations with many women

 Syllogism Question: Question: How many conclusions can be drawn from the given statements? Statement 1: All Dogs are Elephants. Statement 2: All Elephants are Rats. Ans: 7 [ Explanation : From Statement 1, two conclusions can be drawn: Some Dogs are Elephants. &  Some Elephants are Dogs. From Statement 2, two conclusions can be drawn:  Some Elephants are Rats.  &   Some  Rats  are Elephants . Combining both the statements 1 & 2, one conclusion can be drawn: All Dogs are Rats. From the statement ' All Dogs are Rats .', two more conclusions can be drawn:  Some Dogs are Rats . &  Some Rats are Dogs. ]

  Mathematics is a subject of prime importance. It has practical utility in our day-to-day life. From morning to evening, we need to deal with numbers. The better we are at calculations, the bigger we grow in our life. Majority of students dislike mathematics, as they find it very difficult to understand. But, learning with right methods removes mathematics anxiety, and makes this subject very interesting. Mathematical calculation is a fundamental requirement in most competitive examinations. Hence, it is as indispensable subject. Buddham teaches you mathematics in a simplified way, and you are sure to succeed.  Utilize your vacation, and improve your mathematics.

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  A phobia is a persistent, extreme or irrational fear of something. It is an anxiety disorder. The causes for a phobia can be genetic or environmental. Here is the list of some common phobias: Hydrophobia : the fear of water Hemophobia : the fear of blood Pyrophobia : the fear of fire Acrophobia : the fear of heights Ergophobia : the fear of work Ablutophobia : the fear of bathing or washing Trypanophobia : the fear of injections Xenophobia : the fear and hatred of strangers or foreigners Neophobia : the fear of new things or unfamiliar situations Gamophobia : the fear of marriage Gerontophobia : the fear of old age/ growing old Dipsophobia : the fear of alcohol Chrematophobia : the fear of money Tachophobia : the fear of speed Cynophobia : the fear of dogs Archanophobia : the fear of spiders Musophobia : the fear of rats Ophidiophobia : the fear of snakes Katsaridaphobia : the fear of cockroaches Nyctophobia : the fear of night or darkness Necrophobia : the fear of dead bodies Th...

  The root word CIDE means killing. It is important to learn the words related to killing of family members. The knowledge of these words will help you in various competitive examinations. Patricide : the killing of one' s father. Matricide : the killing of one's mother. Fratricide : the killing of one's brother. Sororicide : the killing of one's sister. Filicide : the killing of one's son or daughter. Uxoricide : the killing of one's wife. Mariticide : the killing of one's husband. Parricide : the killing of one's mother, father or other close relatives. Nepoticide : the killing of one's nephew. Buddham advises you to keep improving your vocabulary.

It is interesting to classify people on the basis of the types of food they take. Vegan : One who eats only plant products. A vegan does not eat meat, eggs or dairy products. So, a vegan is a strict vegetarian, as a vegan refrains from eating any animal products. An animal product is any material derived from the body of an animal. Animal products are milk, eggs,  meat. Lacto-vegetarian/ Vegetarian : One who eats plant products and dairy products. Flexitarian : One who primarily takes a vegetarian diet, but occasionally eats meat. Lacto-Ovo vegetarian : One who eats eggs, plant products, dairy products.  Ovo-vegetarian : One who eats eggs and plant products. An ovo-vegetarian does not take dairy products. Pollo-vegetarian/ Pollotarian:  A semi-vegetarian who takes plant products and poultry products such as chicken, turkey, duck. Pescetarian:  One eats fish and seafood. Pesce-pollotarian:  One who eats fish, seafood. and poultry. Meatarian : One who ea...

  Juggernaut is an interesting word that you can add to your word list. Juggernaut means an unstoppable force. The word was derived from the Sanskrit word 'Jagannath' which is a title of Krishna. Jagannath means 'the Lord of the world'. Sentences with the word: It will be difficult for the teams of the world to stop India's juggernaut. This startup has become a fintech juggernaut.

  It is said that Mathematics is the queen of all subjects. It is true. Mathematics is a tool that solves problems of every other subject. It is a subject of great relevance to our daily life. Mathematics involves subject knowledge. But here we are talking about aptitude and reasoning which involve logic rather than knowledge. In most competitive examinations, questions are asked from aptitude and reasoning. Why do they ask aptitude and reasoning but not mathematics?  The answer is simple. They want to check your logic and inner ability rather than what you have learned.

  Which is the correct form: Yours or Your's? Many people write   your's , but it is incorrect.  Yours, ours, theirs, hers are possessive forms of personal pronouns, and they do not take  an apostrophe sign  to show possession or ownership. Examples:  I liked the business plan of yours/ your's . This classroom is  ours/ our's . They think everything is  theirs/ their's . His house is smaller than  hers/ her's . So, avoid using  Your's, our's, their's, her's.