Buddham

 Preposition is a word that comes before a noun or a pronoun, and relates it to other parts of speech.  He is at the bus stop. He is waiting for the bus. He is going to his office. He works in an MNC.  In these sentences, at, for, to, in are prepositions, as they come before nouns/ noun phrases the bus stop, the bus, his office, an MNC respectively. Words Followed By Preposition Further, words such as verbs, adjectives and nouns take some specific preposition to phrasal combination. Let us learn how different words take different prepositions. (a) Verbs Followed by Preposition Abide by the rule Accuse someone of some fault Acquit someone of some charges Bark at someone Bask in the sunshine Compete with someone Compete for something Comply with the norms Conform to the terms and conditions Deal with a person Deal in goods (b) Adjectives Followed by Preposition Absorbed in  work Accustomed  to  town life Astonished at somebody's vic...

  A mass noun or uncountable noun shows quantity. It should not be counted, as it is treated as undifferentiated unit.  Some of these nouns are as follows: Advice Bread Furniture Homework Information Luggage Machinery Scenery Soap Work [Note:  These nouns  do not take an indefinite article 'a' or 'an'.    And they  have no plural form.] an advice                         advices a bread                             breads a furniture                       furnitures a homework                          h omeworks an information                     i nformations a...

  There are some verbs which have the same form.  The present, the past and the past participle forms of the following verbs remain unchanged: Present Form          Past Form          Past Participle Form      Bet                              Bet                              Bet     Cost                             Cost                         Cost     Cut                              Cut                          ...

Before we learn what are direct object and indirect object, let us understand what is an object. Object is the receiver of an action. It means a subject does something to an object. An object is either a person or a thing that gets influenced by the action of a subject.  An object comes after a verb.  - You invited him . - He tells  a story . In the above given sentences, 'him' and 'a story' are objects, as they come after verbs 'invited' and 'tells' respectively, and they receive the actions. The object 'him' talks about someone who is benefited by the action, whereas the object 'a story' talks about something that gets affected by the action. Direct Object & Indirect Object When an object directly receives the action, it is a  direct object. - She explained the rules . - He told a lie . In the sentences above, 'the rules' and 'a lie' are direct objects, as they directly receive the actions. When an object receives a ...

An adjective/ an adverb has three degrees: positive, comparative & superlative. Today, we will learn how to convert one degree to another one. The change of degree comes under the transformation of sentences. When we transform sentences, we do not change their meaning. We just change their pattern. At first, we would see how to change positive degree to comparative and vice versa. A. Positive to Comparative (a) John is as good as Jack. - Positive                                    ↓      Jack is not better than John. - Comparative (b)   Shyam is not as tall as Rohan.  - Positive                                    ↓      Rohan is taller than Shyam.  - Comparative Steps :  Interchange the positions of Subjects. Change affirmative...

To learn English composition, it is important to know various types of sentences. We should also learn how to form these sentences. Let us see the following sentences: He plays football. - ( Simple sentence ) He plays football, and his brother supports him. - ( Compound sentence ) He plays football, when he gets time. - ( Complex sentence ) The first sentence is very simple, and it has only one finite verb ' plays '. A finite verb is a verb-form that shows agreement with the subject. In this sentence, the verb ' plays ' agrees with the singular subject 'He'. So, He plays football is a simple sentence .  And we can say: A simple sentence is a single sentence. Further, the second and the third sentences are formed by combining two sentences each. The second sentence has two finite verbs: plays and supports . The third sentence also has two finite verbs: plays and gets . So, there are not simple sentences. The second is a compound sentence, and the third is a co...

  Analysis and Synthesis of a Sentence: Analysis and synthesis are two important processes in a language. Analyse is 'to break'; whereas synthesize is 'to join'. So, analysis means the examination of elements or structure of the given contents; on the other hand, synthesis means the combination of elements, ideas and beliefs. The analysis of a sentence helps in: - parsing a sentence (parsing is identifying the parts of speech of the words of a sentence.) - spotting error in a sentence - interpretation of a particular part of a sentence - classifying the sentence into simple, compound or complex category The synthesis of a sentence helps in:  - framing correct sentences of all types such as simple, compound or complex - composing our ideas, opinion, reports - writing essay, paragraph, letter, report - developing fluency in language. Analysis When we analyse a sentence, we do the detailed examination of each and every part of a sentence/ a paragraph. At a time, we examine...

Gerund is a verbal noun. When the verb form 'ING' functions as a naming part, it is gerund.  In simple language, a gerund looks like a verb, but it is actually a noun.  A gerund is the name of a habit.  Examples : Acting, Painting, Dancing, Travelling etc. Let us distinguish a gerund from a verb. He is travelling. (here, 'travelling' is a verb, as it shows action. He likes travelling. (here, 'travelling' is a gerund, as it shows the name of a habit). Functions of a gerund: A gerund can act as: a subject - Smoking is injurious to health. an object - He hates smoking. a complement to a verb- His hobby is gardening. after a preposition- I believe in helping others. There are some verbs which take a gerund. Some of them are:  avoid, dislike, detest, enjoy, finish, imagine, keep, like, look forward to, mind, miss, prevent, resist, risk. etc. Sentences: I avoid blaming others. He keeps smiling. I look forward to hearing from you.

' Lest ' is a conjunction of purpose. The meaning of ' lest ' is 'so that.. not'/ 'in order to avoid') (ताकि नहीं/ कहीं ऐसा न हो कि).  After cautioning someone or after giving advice or warning to someone, we use the word ' lest ' to show the purpose of the given caution, advice or warning. With ' lest ', the modal verb 'should' is used. The sentence is correct even without 'should'. Examples :  Go slow lest you should fall down./ Go slow lest you fall down. Hurry up lest we should miss the train./ Hurry up lest we miss the train. Write it down lest you should forget./ Write it down lest you forget. Drive carefully lest you should meet with an accident./ Drive carefully lest you meet with an accident. [Note: Do not use 'Not' with 'Lest', as 'Lest' is already a negative word. Incorrect use : Go slow lest you should not fall down. Correct use : Go slow lest you should fall down.]

  Which is the correct form: Its or It's? Both  Its  and  It's are correct expressions , but they have different meanings .  These two expressions are often wrongly used. Let us understand the difference. Its : shows 'ownership' or 'possession'. It's :   shows 'contraction'. It's  is the short form of the expression "it is" . Examples:  What is its/  it's  use? - (shows 'ownership') Jasmine is a beautiful flower.  Its/  it's  colour is white. - (shows 'ownership') Its / It's  okay. - (contracted form of It is ) Its / It's  important for me to finish this work on time. - (contracted form of It is )

 Let us understand the difference between the verbs 'Lie' and 'Lay'. These two verbs and their forms are very tricky. And many students get confused about these forms. The verb ' Lie ' has mainly two meanings: (1) to give a false statement, & (2)  to be, or to remain in a particular position. The verb ' Lay ' has mainly two meanings: (1)  to put or to place,  & (2)  to give eggs. Let us see their verb forms and examples. Lie :     1)  to give a false statement .  'Lie' is an intransitive verb. So, it comes without an object. [verb forms:  Lied  (past),  Lied  (past participle)] He always lies. She has lied to him.       2)  to be, or to remain in a particular position.    [verb forms:  Lay  (past),  Lain  (past participle)] As you make your bed, you must lie in it. He lay down on the sofa. He has lain down on the sofa. Lay :      (1) to put, or t...

Let us understand how the verbs 'Rise', 'Raise', 'Arise' and 'Arouse' are different from one another. Rise : to get up, or to move to upper level. 'Rise' is an intransitive verb. So, it comes without an object. [verb forms:  Rose (past), Risen (past participle)] The sun rises in the east.  The teacher rose from his chair. Raise : to lift, or to cause to move. 'Raise' is a transitive verb. So, it takes an object. [verb forms:  Raised  (past),  Raised  (past participle)] He raised his voice against injustice.  Do not raise your finger at anyone. Arise : to appear, or to come into existence. 'Arise' is an intransitive verb. So, it comes without an object. [verb forms:  Arose  (past),  Arisen  (past participle)] The question arises.  The dispute arose between two parties. Arouse : to evoke, or to awaken. 'Arouse' is a transitive verb. So, it takes an object. [verb forms:  Aroused  (past),  Aroused  (past partici...

  Which is the correct form: Yours or Your's? Many people write   your's , but it is incorrect.  Yours, ours, theirs, hers are possessive forms of personal pronouns, and they do not take  an apostrophe sign  to show possession or ownership. Examples:  I liked the business plan of yours/ your's . This classroom is  ours/ our's . They think everything is  theirs/ their's . His house is smaller than  hers/ her's . So, avoid using  Your's, our's, their's, her's.