Buddham

Alexander Pope has rightly said, " Words are like leaves; and where they most abound, much fruit of sense beneath is rarely found. " This quote speaks about the importance of conciseness in our language.  In order to make our language effective, we must remove superfluous words. One word substitutions are some specific terms that we use in stead of long descriptive terms.  Here are some examples: One who loves mankind: Philanthrope One who hates mankind: Misanthrope One who loves womankind: Philogynist One who hates womankind: Misogynist One who supports equal rights for women: Feminist One who has casual sexual relationships with women: Philanderer One who believes in fate: Fatalist One who believes in the existence of a God/ Gods: Theist One who does not believe in the existence of a God/ Gods: Atheist One who believes in only one God: Monotheist One who believes in many Gods: Polytheist One who believes in all Gods: Pantheist One who walks in sleep: Somnambulist One who t

 Number system is the method of writing digits or symbols to represent numbers. Types of Numbers: -   Natural Number : Numbers that we use for counting are natural numbers. Natural numbers are cardinal (basic) numbers from which other numbers can be made. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, ..... are Natural Numbers. 0 is not a natural number. -   Whole Number : Numbers without fractions are whole numbers. In easy language, zero and all natural numbers are whole numbers. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, ..... are Whole Numbers. ( 0 & Natural Numbers are whole numbers ) -   Integer : An integer is a number with no decimal or fractional part. Integers are the set of negative and positive numbers including zero (0). -7, -6, -5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, ..... are Integers. (Negative numbers & Whole numbers are Integers.) -   Rational Number : A number that can be written in the form of p/q (where p and q are integers and q  ≠ 0 ). -3/4, 0/2 ,   1/2, 1/4 ..... are Rational Numbers. (Dec

Flaws are defects or fallacies in somebody's logic. In other words, flaws are questionable or wrong assumptions in a writer's/ a speaker's  line of reasoning.  When a writer/ a speaker presents his/ her argument, he/ she makes a claim, and gives some premise(s) or logic to support his/ her claim. Sometimes, a writer/ a speaker misinterprets the available premise(s)/ evidence(s), or attaches personal bias to the available  premise(s)/ evidence(s). This makes his reasoning flawed or erroneous. In various competitive examinations, there are questions of critical reasoning in which candidates are expected to expose the flaws in an author's reasoning. Even in day-to-day interaction with people, one can realize that people at times make flawed argument. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to detect the flaws in reasoning, and to understand the nature of flaws. Types of Flaws: These are some of the flaws that we see in arguments. 1. Generalisation: Here, an author draws a

  The word 'context' comes from the root words con means together and texere means to weave. So, joining both, we get  weaving together . The context means a background or a setting which is attached to the actual information that one intends to give. When someone says, "I am busy today.", it means the main information is: I am busy, and the context is : today. As a context is the environment or setting in which something exists or happens, this means by adding context to our information, we intend to convey that what we are speaking is true for the given context. Hence, a text should be understood in a context. More specifically, a context is the place or the time of an event.  - People of various religions live in India . (the text is:  People of various religions live , and the context is:  in India. Here,  ' in India' shows the place of the event.) -  India got freedom in 1947.  (the text is:  India got freedom , and the context is:  in 1947.  Here,  &#

The tone of a passage is the reflection of the author's intent or emotion. So, to understand the tone of a passage, it is important to know various emotions. As we use different emojis to reflect different moods, we may also learn words that depict different human emotions.   There are broadly two types of tones: 1. Objective: when an author presents the facts or situations without adding his/ her emotion or opinion, the tone is objective. Example: He is a student. (Here, the author presents the fact objectively without giving his/ her opinion about the person) 2. Subjective: when an author expresses his opinion about someone or something, the tone is subjective. Examples:  - He is a good student. ((Here, the author expresses a sense of approval about the person, hence the tone is positive. ) - He is a bad  student. ((Here, the author expresses a sense of disapproval about the person, hence the tone is negative .) To understand the tone of a sentence, we should carefully read th

A phrasal verb usually consists of a verb and an adverb.  The following adverbs are used in phrasal verbs: up, down, in, out, about, off, away, back, by, on, over, past,  round, through etc. Examples: Break out : sudden outburst of unpleasant situation We were walking in the garden, when the storm broke out. Blow over : end (of a bad situation) without any serious consequences We should not worry, the bad time will blow over. Phrasal verbs can be of two or three words: (i) Verb + Adverb                   Put             on                                Look            back                           Do               up                             (ii) Verb + Adverb + Preposition      Put          up               with      Look      down          upon      Do       away           with

 Preposition is a word that comes before a noun or a pronoun, and relates it to other parts of speech.  He is at the bus stop. He is waiting for the bus. He is going to his office. He works in an MNC.  In these sentences, at, for, to, in are prepositions, as they come before nouns/ noun phrases the bus stop, the bus, his office, an MNC respectively. Words Followed By Preposition Further, words such as verbs, adjectives and nouns take some specific preposition to phrasal combination. Let us learn how different words take different prepositions. (a) Verbs Followed by Preposition Abide by the rule Accuse someone of some fault Acquit someone of some charges Bark at someone Bask in the sunshine Compete with someone Compete for something Comply with the norms Conform to the terms and conditions Deal with a person Deal in goods (b) Adjectives Followed by Preposition Absorbed in  work Accustomed  to  town life Astonished at somebody's victory Ashamed of behaviour Aware  o